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The Heterodox Schools of Indian Thought
Donald H. Bishop examines the origins, metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics of Cārvāka materialism. He highlights its rejection of ether, inference, and theistic dogmas in favor of empirical perception and hedonism. Challenging priestly orthodoxy, Cārvākism provided a vital skeptical counterweight that shaped heterodox traditions like Buddhism and Jainism in ancient India.